Every day, people with different problems turn to gastroenterologists. The main task of the doctor is to make the correct diagnosis so as not to waste time and give the patient a chance for recovery. Often, a biopsy of the stomach is prescribed as a diagnostic study, since this is the most reliable analysis for suspected oncological processes. So what is a biopsy and how is it done?
Biopsy: method description
The term "biopsy" came to medicine from the Greek language. It is formed from two words: "life" and "appearance". The method is based on the fact that a tiny piece of tissue is taken from the patient and its cellular composition is carefully examined at high magnification. A biopsy differs in the way the material is taken and in the class of accuracy. In some cases, the material may be needed for histological examination. This means that the structure of the tissues of the sample taken will be studied. In others - for cytological analysis. It means thatthe structure, reproduction and condition of the cells of the sample taken will be studied.
When talking about the accuracy class of a procedure, they mean three types of manipulation:
- Classic biopsy, which has a second name - search. This procedure is carried out in the early stages of the disease, when the location of the tumor can not yet be detected visually.
- Open biopsy, when material for research is taken during a surgical operation. It can be a neoplasm in its entirety or any part of it.
- A targeted biopsy that can be performed when a tumor is detected, when the doctor can take material directly from the tumor at the border with he althy tissue. A targeted biopsy is performed using an endoscope, under the supervision of ultrasound, under X-ray control or stereotaxic method.
Gastrobiopsy of stomach
A stomach biopsy can be prescribed for a patient with many complaints. The purpose of the manipulation is to obtain a fragment of the gastric mucosa for analysis. Examination of the obtained sample with an accuracy of more than 95% confirms the change in tissues and allows you to determine whether the tumor is benign or malignant.
A biopsy of the gastric mucosa can be performed using a probe without visual control or using a gastroscope. This is a special device that allows you to visually control the sampling. A more complex name for this medical procedure is EGDS, that is, esophagogastroduodenoscopy.
Description of the gastroscope
Gastroscope givesthe ability to examine the walls of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. This medical diagnostic equipment has the form of a flexible tube of considerable length, which contains a light source, an optical system, and the actual tool for taking tissue particles. Forceps, a medical knife, a loop or an electromagnetic retractor can be used as a tool. The use of such equipment allows you to obtain a sample from a specific area of the body.
Gastroscopy is constantly improving. Equipment becomes more precise and controllable. The modern method has a specific name - endoscopic biopsy.
Indications for gastric biopsy
A biopsy may be ordered in the following cases:
- examinations are prescribed to detect oncopathology or precancerous conditions;
- analysis may be necessary for acute or chronic gastritis;
- to clarify the ulcerative process and exclude suspicions of oncology;
- in case of damage to the gastric mucosa to clarify the volume of resection of the organ;
- stomach biopsy reveals the presence or absence of Helicobacter pylori in case of indigestion;
- the study allows you to assess the patient's condition after surgery or radiation therapy.
However, despite its high efficiency, this diagnostic method can not be applied to all patients.
Contraindications
WhenWhen diagnosing any disease, the doctor must be careful not to harm the patient or put his life at risk. Based on this principle, when prescribing any procedure, all possible contraindications are taken into account. In the case of a stomach biopsy, these are:
- state of shock;
- diseases of the heart and vascular system;
- inflammatory or other pathological processes in the pharynx, larynx or airways;
- diathesis (hemorrhagic form);
- infectious diseases in the acute stage;
- narrowing of the esophagus;
- the presence of perforations in the walls of the stomach;
- gastric burn with chemicals;
- mental deviations
- allergic reactions to pain medications (lidocaine and others).
In addition to obvious contraindications, the doctor must take into account the psychological preparation of the patient for the procedure. If there is a pronounced fear, then the study is better not to conduct.
How to prepare for a biopsy
If a stomach biopsy is scheduled, the patient should receive a referral to a hospital. It is technically possible to carry out the procedure in a polyclinic, but it is impractical, since in the event of complications, it will be more difficult to help the patient.
Before carrying out the manipulation, medical personnel must make sure that there are no contraindications. After that, the patient is prescribed an x-ray of the stomach.
The patient is required to strictly abstain from eating and drinking for 12-15 hours prior to the procedure. Biopsy of the stomach is performedonly on an empty stomach, since food masses interfere with an internal examination of the gastric mucosa, and when a gastroscope tube is inserted, a gag reflex can be provoked. Abstinence must be so strict that on the day before the procedure, patients are not even allowed to brush their teeth or chew gum.
Method of the procedure
So, the patient is scheduled for a stomach biopsy. How is this procedure done? If the patient is agitated and cannot calm himself, he is offered to inject a sedative. The person should lie on the left side and straighten up. The doctor treats the oral cavity and the upper part of the esophagus with an antiseptic and begins to insert the endoscope. In modern medical centers, gastric biopsy is performed with advanced medical equipment, which means that the tube is thin, and the camera and sampling device are of the minimum size. Swallowing this equipment practically does not cause discomfort. The specialist monitors the procedure through a monitor.
Deciphering a stomach biopsy
The interpretation of the results depends on the laboratory that performed the analysis, since research centers use different methods to obtain information. The term for receiving a response is from three days.
All results are conventionally divided into several groups:
- Incomplete analysis. The amount of material is not enough to obtain a reliable result, the procedure must be repeated.
- Normal analysis. The material is not abnormal, the diagnosis is notconfirmed.
- Benign result. The presence of a neoplasm is confirmed, its character is benign. It is necessary to control and repeat the analysis after a certain time.
- Malignant result. The neoplasm consists of cancer cells, its size has been determined, localization has been clarified, and the degree has been established.
Decoding may contain information about the form of the disease, describe the state of the cells and tissues of the organ, set the size of the epithelium villi and the depth of the crypts.
Procedure location
Today the patient has a choice. He can choose a medical center that causes him maximum confidence. Residents of Russia, for example, can contact the modern medical holding "SM-Clinic". This is the largest network of medical centers, including 12 multidisciplinary institutions for adults and children.
When contacting a medical center, a person must be sure of the qualifications of his staff. In addition, an important factor for making a decision is the availability of modern medical equipment. Medical center "SM-Clinic" is able to meet the requirements of the most demanding customers. Turning to a gastroenterologist, you can be sure that a stomach biopsy will be performed by a qualified specialist using the latest developments in the field of gastroscopy.
