Mural digestion is important for the absorption of beneficial trace elements and vitamins from consumed foods. In the intestine, microscopic villi are responsible for this, and intestinal enzymes increase the contact area by filling the cavities of the protruding membranes. The latter are called enterocytes.
The essence of metabolic processes
Mural digestion is the main supplier of nutrients from food to the human body. In this area, preliminary disinfection of digested food occurs due to filaments. The latter bind to enterocytes, forming glycolix.
Mural digestion provides absorption of 80% of trace elements. The remaining 20% dissolve in the intestinal cavity. Through membranes, useful substances enter directly into the transport system.
In the intestine, food is digested in two interdependent stages: abdominal and parietal digestion. The first begins in the stomach, and the microelements already released from the bonds immediately enter the body.
Final stage
The value of parietal digestion is to capture decomposed particles after cavity splitting. The final absorption of substances occurs due to the action of gastric juice. Violation of these processes directly affects the general condition of the human body.
The stages of parietal digestion are interdependent. Violation of one of the processes affects the composition of intestinal juice. Metabolism also depends on the composition of the environment in the stomach cavity.
The initial stage of digestion occurs while chewing food. Saliva breaks down trace elements that are more easily absorbed in the small intestine. Therefore, it is important to saturate not only solid foods, but also their derivatives in liquid form with saliva.
Dissolving complex substances
Proteins are highly soluble substances. Special elements of pepsin attack food even in the stomach cavity. The purpose of the process is to break the existing intercellular connections and decompose them into the simplest substances. The resulting composition of the internal contents of the intestine is called chyme.
In this environment, parietal digestion becomes possible. In the small intestine, it occurs most actively. Juice is a means of dissolving chyme. It facilitates the transfer of substances by increasing the area of food contact with membranes.
Polysaccharides and disaccharides
Carbohydrates enter the digestive system in a state of complex bonds. Requires long-term cleavage into monosaccharides. Only in this state is it possible to absorb them.membranes.
Ideally, carbohydrates should be broken down into glucose, fructose and galactose. Disaccharides are composed of the following elements:
- Lactose.
- M altose.
- Sucrose.
Polysaccharides contain:
- Starch.
- Pulp.
- Glycogen.
Initially, polysaccharides break down into disaccharides. Dissolves their substance of the digestive system a-amylase, which is contained in saliva and intestinal juice. Monosaccharides are obtained due to the substances disaccharidases in the cavity of the stomach and small intestine. Glucose is needed for energy. She is a source of energy.
Violation of parietal digestion affects the physical abilities of a person. With insufficient intake of glucose in the body, almost all vital processes slow down. It becomes impossible to replenish the lost cells. Many diseases are associated with the process of splitting food and the absorption of simple trace elements.
Lipids and acids
The most difficult substances to dissolve are lipids. They consist of two components:
- Triglycerides break down into monoglycerides and fatty acids.
- Phospholipids.
Similar properties to lipids are observed in the substance cholesterol. However, triglycerides are absorbed by intestinal membranes much more difficult. This is due to their peculiarity in a liquid medium to collect in a drop. Enzymes of intestinal juice can no longer penetrate through its walls.
Lipids are digested under conditions where they do not adhere to liquid. Thus, the process of digestion begins in the mouth, stomach and continues in the intestines. Drinking a glass of water, tea or other drink immediately after lunch or dinner blocks the possibility of normal digestion. Often triglycerides move deep into the digestive tract without being digested.
However, the body is actively fighting this due to the following substances:
- Lecithin, bile acid, alkaline environment - convert lipids into an emulsion. The composition of the mixture is already very small particles.
- Bile acids bind to lipids to form micelles - smaller substances. The micelles are already separating from the bile acids at the intestinal wall and are individually absorbed by the membranes.
Nucleic acids break down into phosphate and pentose. To implement this, a two-stage splitting of food occurs. At the beginning of abdominal digestion, complex components break down into nucleotides.
The second stage of near-wall splitting separates substances into simple ones:
- Nucleosides in turn break down pentoses and bases.
- Phosphate.
The breakdown of acids occurs due to intestinal enzymes nucleotidases.
Metabolic abnormalities
The processes of parietal digestion are quickly disrupted under the negative influence of bacteria, failure of the adrenal glands, from eating bad food. Constipation, long interruptions in the intake of nutrients affect the composition of intestinal juice. Intestinal motilityensures the optimal speed of movement of chyme through the intestines. Its change affects the digestibility of all trace elements.
Some substances influence the absorption rate of trace elements: hormonal drugs, serotonin, secretin. Participation in the digestion of the central nervous system has been proven. Anesthesia, vagotomy significantly slow down the metabolic processes in the body.
Some substances can accelerate intestinal secretion: gastrin, enterokinin, insulin. Each drug has an effect on digestion. With this in mind, a combined intake of drugs is used, which eliminates negative factors that change the composition of intestinal juice.
