For any field of human activity, legislation imposes certain hygiene requirements. For example, in the context of the implementation of educational programs, one SanPiN (sanitary and epidemiological rules and norms) is applied, and another is applied to the production of clothing and footwear. This article is devoted to a detailed description of the system of hygiene requirements established by the Chief Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation.
The role of hygiene standards
Children spend most of their lives in educational institutions. To ensure a comfortable and effective educational process, they must be provided with safe sanitary and hygienic conditions.
For the full physiological and psychological development of each child, the educational environment matters. This concept should be understood as a complex of elements that ensure the vital activity of a general educational institution, including technical and material resources,building the educational process, organizing school meals, medical care, etc.
Hygienic requirements for the functioning of educational institutions are established by state standards. SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 regulates not only the principles of the material and technical equipment of the school, but also determines the conditions for the implementation of basic educational programs. First of all, attention is paid to the architectural and planning solutions of the building, engineering systems and lighting, components of the microclimate, as well as the arrangement of water supply and sewerage.
Another category of sanitary norms includes the rules for arranging study places, recommendations for choosing furniture, educational and methodical publications, school bags and removable shoes. In the room where the educational process is carried out, sanitary and hygienic requirements apply when working with a computer and other teaching aids.
The administration of the educational institution is responsible for compliance with the rules of catering and medical support, the implementation of other requirements of the sanitary and epidemiological station, which are mandatory for the normal growth and development of schoolchildren in a safe and comfortable environment.
Where the school building should be
Premises of educational institutions are recommended to be located remotely from the roadway with stable traffic at a distance of at least 170 m.neighborhood.
The specified document sets the recommended service radius for the population. For institutions located in residential urban areas, this figure is 750 m. For educational institutions with increased workload (lyceums and gymnasiums), this requirement does not apply. In rural areas, the farthest point of service for a school may be 4 km away. At the same time, for schoolchildren who live at a distance of more than 1 km, the local administration is obliged to take care and organize transport services.
It is not allowed to attach garages and parking lots to the school building, and sites equipped with garbage containers must be no closer than 20 m. When constructing and zoning the premises, the orientation of windows must be taken into account. For example, according to sanitary standards, primary school classrooms can have access to any side of the horizon, except for the north.
General requirements for the premises of an educational institution
The first thing you should pay attention to is capacity. In urban schools, it should not exceed 1,000 students, in rural schools - 500. At the same time, the recommended occupancy in each class is 25 people. Hygienic requirements for the premises include zoning into classrooms and classrooms based on the calculation of at least 2.5 m2 per student. The main principles of the structure of the school building are:
- ensuring the maximum separation of the school contingent into age groups;
- dividing the room intoseveral blocks and separation of classrooms and classrooms from general school spaces (foyer, sports and assembly halls, canteen, administrative sector);
- proximity of classrooms to sanitary facilities and recreational facilities;
- possibility of isolation of certain groups in case of outbreak of infectious diseases.
The system of hygiene requirements is aimed at ensuring the organization of regular cleaning and disinfection of premises. School walls must be smooth. As finishing materials, the use of safe and waterproof coatings is allowed. The hygienic requirements of SanPiN give recommendations on the choice of paint color for walls. For example, for offices that face the northeast or northwest sides, it is advisable to use warm-colored finishing materials (beige, pale pink, pale yellow), and for southern audiences - cold-colored paint (pale blue, pale yellow). green). The walls of the gym are recommended to be painted in light colors.
Hygienic requirements also apply to flooring in an educational institution. Floors should not be slippery, have gaps and defects. It is allowed to use board or parquet flooring, synthetic linoleum as a surface material for the floor. Places for sanitary procedures must be lined with ceramic or mosaic tiles.
Air-thermal regime
Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of school premises depend on the type of glazing,orientation of windows, the number of heaters, the presence of ventilation. The optimal temperature in the classrooms should be between 21-22 °C, and in the gym - at the level of 15-17 °C. A suitable indoor relative humidity level is 40-60%.
Radiators or tubular heating structures are used as heating devices. Their maximum surface temperature is 80 °C. To prevent burn injuries to students, heating systems are fenced with removable grates.
In addition to heating, the arrangement of exhaust ventilation is no less significant. The administration of the school institution is responsible for cleaning the ventilation duct at least twice a year. To ensure natural ventilation, the windows of the building are equipped with transoms and vents, which must function at any time of the year. The system of hygiene requirements according to the Federal State Educational Standard provides for the need for mandatory ventilation of classrooms and classrooms during breaks. Before the start of lessons and after classes, in the absence of students, through ventilation is carried out, the duration of which depends on weather conditions.
What water can you drink at school
General education institutions are equipped with water supply systems for drinking and fire fighting purposes. Simultaneously with the water supply, a central sewerage system must operate, and in the absence of such, it is necessary to equip local treatment facilities or dry closets.
In accordance with hygiene requirements, drinking water is used fromcentral water supply after treatment by boiling or filtering. In the absence of a centralized water supply, bottled water is used to ensure the drinking regime, the quality and safety of which are confirmed by relevant documents. When organizing a drinking regimen with bottled water, it is important to provide enough clean dishes for students. It is allowed to use glass and earthenware cups in the dining room, and in classrooms and classrooms - disposable plastic or paper cups. A floor container is installed next to the bottle to collect used dishes.
Students should have free access to drinking water both during lessons and during breaks. In laboratories, workshops, utility rooms, physics, biology and chemistry classrooms, a medical office, a dining room and rooms for hygienic needs, cold and hot water (no higher than 60 ° C) is always supplied to the washbasins.
Student desks in the classroom
The set, consisting of a chair and a table with an inclined surface of the working plane (with an angle of 7-17 °), is the main student furniture. Classrooms in which training sessions are held must be equipped with furniture appropriate for the age group and height of students. If the table or chair is too high, it is recommended to use an adjustable footrest.
In the system of hygiene requirements, there are also recommendations for choosing educational boards. The work surface must behighly adhesive coating for contact with chalk, felt-tip pen, easy to clean with a damp or dry sponge. When choosing a school board used for writing, you need to pay attention to its durability, the presence of an anti-reflective coating.
The very process of arranging furniture in the study room must also comply with sanitary and hygienic requirements. When working in the classroom, each student should have visual access to the blackboard. Based on this, the following rules apply:
- minimum distance between rows of desks - 60 cm;
- the distance from the teacher's desk to the blackboard is at least one meter;
- the distance from the first table in the row to the writing board is at least 240 cm;
- maximum distance from the blackboard of a student sitting at the last desk - no more than 860 cm.
Hygienic norms for organizing a student's workplace
The seating of students is carried out taking into account the state of he alth of each of them. Those students who are often sick should be moved away from the outer wall. Children with hearing and vision impairments are seated at the first tables in the rows.
The workplace must be organized in such a way that it can provide a comfortable working position of the body, in which:
- head held straight (a slight forward tilt is allowed);
- the body is tilted forward, but the student does not rest his chest on the edge of the desk;
- arms are bent at the elbows, there is no support on them;
- legs are bent at a right angle and rest on the floor (stand);
- the distance from the eyes to the working surface of the desk is equal to the length of the forearm and hand.
Educational process according to GEF standards
Hygienic requirements are aimed at eliminating unnecessary stress on the body of students of different ages. It is recommended to start the school day no earlier than eight in the morning. Moreover, at the beginning of the week, the school day should be lighter, begin with a small warm-up to improve the performance of students during class.
In accordance with the system of hygiene requirements in the Federal State Educational Standard, the teaching load during the lesson should be planned by the teacher according to a single principle that applies to primary, secondary and high school students. The load should increase gradually, reaching a peak in the middle of the lesson and subsiding by the end of the lesson, the optimal duration of which is 45 minutes. Small breaks are required during the lesson.
These requirements correspond to such a plan, which conditionally divides the lesson into introductory, main and final parts. The first 5-10 minutes are devoted to discussion of organizational issues. The main part, intended for the presentation of new material, takes 25-30 minutes. For the purpose of final testing and practicing the learned topic, a small survey is conducted, then homework is given.
Given that the system of hygiene requirements in the Federal State Educational Standard is aimed at maximizing the productivity of the educational process, the teacher should use several teaching forms during the lesson (for example,writing, storytelling, quiz, expressive reading, consideration of applied aids, etc.). This method will allow you to maintain the necessary level of concentration of students throughout the lesson and avoid overwork.
Books, textbooks, manuals
The main purpose of introducing hygiene standards in relation to the design of educational publications is to ensure readability in order to maintain the he alth of the organs of vision and prevent ophthalmic diseases in schoolchildren. When compiling SanPiN, data from the analysis of modern educational publications were taken into account. Hygienic standards for typography and decoration are classified according to criteria such as visual hazard, type of teaching aid and age group of students.
General requirements for school books are:
- cover - it can be soft or hard;
- methods of fastening the block - it is not allowed to use methods that lead to a deterioration in reading conditions (books sewn with wire, glued with seamless fastening);
- spinal margins on the spread of the book - at least 2.6 cm;
- printing - can only be done with black ink with an optical density interval of at least 0.7 without fuzzy character strokes;
- no more than two colors of paint to highlight text.
Computer work
Electronic computers for training sessions can only be installed in computer science classrooms. In accordance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, the computer is installed on one workplace. For each studentrelies at least 6 m2 when using old type monitors (arranged with a cathode ray tube) and 4.5 m2 if modern LCDs are connected screens. In preparation for the functioning of the computer science cabinet, close attention is paid to protective grounding equipment, in accordance with fire safety requirements.
Arrangement of workplaces involves ensuring harmless exposure to electromagnetic fields. Students should sit at computers in such a way that the teacher has the opportunity to freely approach each workplace. In school classrooms of computer science, only stationary computers are used. Student-owned laptops are not allowed.
Sanitary and hygienic requirements when working with a computer suggest limiting the continuous duration of work, provided that the gaze is fixed directly on the monitor screen for no more than 20-25 minutes. This standard is designed for high school students.
The readability of texts on the monitor screen is an equally important hygienic requirement for a computer, which can be met by:
- increasing the font size compared to traditional book editions;
- brightness adjustment;
- color combination of screen background and symbols.
If sanitary and hygienic standards are observed when working at a personal computer, the risk of overstrain of the visual systemabsent during the lesson.
By what criteria to choose a school bag
First of all, you need to pay attention to the weight of an empty briefcase - it should not exceed 700 g. Preference should be given to frame school bags, the stable shape of which is provided for by the design. The back of the briefcase must be semi-rigid or equipped with a massage profile.
The shoulder straps must be at least 40 mm wide to avoid cutting into the child's skin. Moreover, the material from which they are made can be elastic and soft to the touch. A more practical option is backpacks with rigid shoulder straps, but they can only be used with special softening pads.
The main part of school bags are usually made of durable and practical material with water repellent properties. The knapsack should be comfortable for regular cleaning or washing. It is advisable to give preference to bright and colorful backpacks that have quality certificates.
The maximum weight of a school bag recommended by sanitary and hygienic standards for high school students is in the range of 3.7-4.2 kg. Backpack weighing is carried out together with study kits (notebooks, books, manuals) and stationery for one week in each quarter.
Change shoes for students
In accordance with the sanitary and hygienic requirements for the organization of the educational process within the walls of the school premises, students must be in a cleanreplacement shoes. It is selected according to the shape and size of the foot. When choosing a size, it is desirable to take into account a small allowance in the toe of the shoe, designed for gradual growth and an increase in the length of the foot due to the load when walking. The optimal allowance is 5-7 mm. If it is missing, the child's toes will be in a bent position, which can lead to impaired blood supply to the toe of the foot.
Shoes that are too loose can also be harmful, causing scuffs and blisters. Replaceable shoes should be comfortable, have a tight heel to firmly hold the heel and prevent it from deflecting. A suitable temperature and humidity regime inside the shoe should not be ensured by an open toe, which is unacceptable for interchangeable shoes, but by the design of the model.
Nutritional standards in an educational institution
For students of primary and secondary school age, catering is provided in the school cafeteria. Most educational institutions also allow the sale of buffet products and ready meals.
Meals include two meals a day. For students in the first shift, breakfasts (11:00-12:00) and lunches (14:30-15:30) are organized. If the educational process takes place on the second shift, children receive lunch and an afternoon snack (16:00-16:30). Five meals a day are provided for children studying in 24-hour institutions.
When purchasing products, forming daily menus, the age and he alth of children are taken into account. Student dietshould be balanced, based on the principles of functional nutrition. Dishes in the school canteen should have a beneficial effect on the body, promote full growth and development, contain vitamins, minerals, probiotics and other essential nutritional components. The repetition of the same dishes in the menu for two days in a row is not allowed.
Vinegar, mustard, mayonnaise, hot spices are not used in the preparation of culinary products for children. As seasonings, it is allowed to add parsley root, celery, dill, cinnamon, vanillin. Meals prepared for students must not contain chemical additives (preservatives, dyes and flavors).
