Everyone should know how to help with anaphylactic shock, the algorithm of which is repeated in most cases. Anaphylactic shock is one of the most severe manifestations of an allergic reaction. Arising rapidly, it leads to acute circulatory disorders. Blood pressure drops sharply. The work of the heart is inhibited, the respiratory function is disturbed. There is a lack of oxygen supply to vital organs. First of all, the brain and heart. This condition of the victim is called urgent, i.e. life-threatening.
Therefore, help with anaphylactic shock, the algorithm for which everyone should know, must be carried out immediately!
Cause causing anaphylactic shock
Anaphylaxis occurs almostimmediately after contact with a substance to which the victim already has an intolerance. In other words, there has already been contact with this or a substance similar in structure. And that person's immune system can recognize it.
Usually eyewitnesses see the moment of direct contact of a person with an allergen. They can clearly indicate to the doctors who arrived at the call what preceded the reaction. Thus, to make the provision of assistance with anaphylactic shock as effective as possible. This will help save the life and he alth of the victim.
Medical workers of any rank study the algorithm for providing emergency care for anaphylactic shock without fail. They should know it, regardless of their specialization (therapist, surgeon, dentist, etc.) and the category of medical school they graduated from (university, college, college, etc.).
But absolutely anyone can be in a position where the victim will need help. Even a teenager or a schoolboy. In order not to get lost in a critical situation, you need to know the cause that can cause anaphylaxis, signs of shock and a clear sequence of actions. Keep in mind that emergency care eliminates anaphylactic shock, the algorithm of which must be strictly observed.
Substances-allergens that can cause anaphylaxis
Substances that can cause anaphylactic shock if they enter the body are conditionally divided into four large groups. These include drugs, foods, venoms from stinging insects, household chemicals andhygiene.
Drugs, regardless of the method of administration (tablets, injections, inhalations, etc.), can cause a severe allergic reaction, up to anaphylaxis. These include, first of all, antibacterial drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs of non-steroidal origin, vitamins and a number of others. This also includes dietary supplements
- Food products most often causing anaphylactic shock are fish and other seafood (including vegetable), nuts, mushrooms, fruits. In principle, an allergic reaction can be to any food containing animal or vegetable protein.
- When bitten by insects, substances of a protein nature - poisons - also enter the body. Some of them have a very high toxicity, which, along with an immediate type of allergic reaction, can have a negative effect on other systems (nervous, respiratory, muscular). This can further aggravate the condition of the victim. Then medical care for anaphylactic shock should also be accompanied by the introduction of antidotes to toxins.
- The household chemicals and hygiene products around us are no less dangerous. Many detergents, cleaners and other helping formulations contain biological or surfactants (BAVs and surfactants). They are the ones that can shock you. Hygiene products (household or medical gloves), as well as contraception (condoms, vaginal diaphragms) contain latex, which can alsocause anaphylaxis. Moreover, the latter even indirectly, from a partner.
If you report that the victim was in contact with one of these drugs before the onset of an attack, anaphylactic shock help and its algorithm will be much more effective.
The rate of development of anaphylactic shock
Anaphylactic shock is a very insidious condition. Its signs can appear both in a few seconds or minutes, and several hours after contact with the allergen. This directly depends on the nature of the substance that causes anaphylaxis, the way it enters the body and the level of sensitization of the immune system of a person sensitive to this substance.
Equally important is the amount of allergen that has entered the body and the reactivity of the immune system. As the reaction develops, these two factors determine how severe the anaphylactic shock will be.
Easy form
It can manifest itself in dizziness, a feeling of heat, weakness. You may hear tinnitus. The victim is conscious but may be disoriented. He may be disturbed by a feeling of fear. When measuring blood pressure, the numbers are slightly lower than the usual "working" values for this person.
Medium degree
Characterized by more severe symptoms. In this case, confusion of consciousness is determined. The victim is lethargic, disoriented. But upon contact, it retains the ability to completelyclear answers. The level of blood pressure is reduced by a third or more of the "working" level.
Severe
With this form of anaphylactic shock, the consciousness of the victim is lost. The skin is pale, covered with sweat, cyanosis (cyanosis) is determined above the upper lip. The tonometer readings are either minimal or absent altogether. The heartbeat is quiet, slow. Breathing is difficult.
If those close to the victim know these signs, then first aid can be provided for anaphylactic shock in full. And this will save a person's life and keep his he alth.
Atypical course of anaphylaxis
Approximately one third of all cases of anaphylaxis go through the stage of "imaginary well-being". This is manifested by a significant improvement in the general condition after a mild or moderate degree of reaction. In the absence of proper therapy, after a few hours and up to a day, a sharp deterioration is possible. This can lead to very sad consequences. Therefore, only by clearly completing the entire algorithm for providing emergency care for anaphylactic shock, you can not be afraid to skip this option.
Sequence of actions
If the victim is conscious and has eaten or drunk something, you can try to induce vomiting. If the attack occurred in response to the action of household chemicals, the victim should be removed (taken out) from the room, providing fresh air. When bitten by an insect, if the sting remains in the skin, do not try to pull it out - there is a riskcrush the capsule with the poison in it.
It is better to apply a tourniquet above the injury site when biting a limb, and apply cold to the site. Cold can also be used when biting into other parts of the body.
Anaphylactic shock. Clinic. Emergency
So what do you need to know? If an anaphylactic shock is suspected in a person according to the listed signs, first aid, the algorithm of which is represented by a clear sequence of actions, begins with the immediate elimination of the allergen.
Next, dial the ambulance number. For stationary devices, the ambulance service number is still relevant - 03. When calling from a mobile phone, the number may differ depending on the telecom operator. It is advisable to clarify the emergency numbers in the help desk of the network and enter them into the phone's memory on the "hot keys".
The center of the unified rescue service has been successfully operating on the territory of Russia for quite a long time. The call number 112 is available for a subscriber of any operator and with a negative account balance.
The next action, carried out simultaneously with the call, is to assess the severity of the victim's condition and determine whether this condition can be anaphylactic shock or not. If the answer is yes, then the actions continue, as prescribed by the algorithm for emergency care for anaphylactic shock.
Assess the consciousness of the victim - whether he can answer the questions: what is he complaining about and what happened (what is the reason for this condition). Atmild to moderate victims can usually clearly state the cause.
Next, how freely breathing is measured. To ensure better patency of the upper respiratory tract, the victim should unbutton the collar (loosen the tie), remove the scarf, etc. In case of loss of consciousness, sometimes there is a retraction of the tongue. This mechanical obstruction to airflow can be removed by pulling the lower jaw, grasping its corners with one hand, forward.
How ambulance and emergency service operators or the Ministry of Emergency Situations can help
By making a call and calling an ambulance, the person providing assistance will no longer feel alone in front of the problem. The doctors rushing to the rescue and the dispatcher of the ambulance service or the Ministry of Emergency Situations will already know about this. While waiting for the brigade, the dispatcher will help the person helping to calm down, focus and describe the condition of the victim.
Each dispatcher must have a memo in their working documents “How to recognize anaphylactic shock? Emergency care, the algorithm for its provision. According to it, the dispatcher will control the correctness of actions, prompt when the state changes. In extreme cases, with a severe form of anaphylactic shock, he will tell the technique of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Will control the correctness of its implementation.
Childhood features of anaphylaxis
In children, anaphylactic shock, emergency care, the algorithm for its provision have a number of differences. In the children's body, the relative content of fluid is greater, fiber is moreloose, the mechanisms of self-regulation are not yet fully matured. All this leads to a more rapid development of edema.
Besides, children are very afraid of such a state. This, in turn, increases the concentration of stress hormones in the blood, which narrow the already collapsed airways and blood vessels. Accordingly, helping children with anaphylactic shock is different from helping adults. The child must be calmed before the arrival of doctors for partial recovery, normal functioning of the respiratory system.
Clinical manifestations in children in shock and first aid
It is usually not difficult to recognize anaphylactic shock in children. First aid for children is also not difficult. The child's skin turns pale, cold sweat appears, a frequent pulse of weak filling and tension is felt.
The explanation is simple. In a state of shock, centralization of blood circulation occurs, in which blood is redistributed to more important organs - the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys. This is a kind of “life support quartet”, which is designed to keep a person conscious and prevent the body from dying.
Principles of first aid for children come down to three simple rules: properly position, warm and soothe. Children do not have a severe course of anaphylaxis, therefore they are conscious, although slightly inhibited.
It is necessary to give the baby a position with raised legs so that blood flows more to the chest and brain. This will ensure sufficient blood supply to the vessels of the brain, heart andlungs. This will contribute to almost optimal blood flow and prevent such serious complications as damage to organ tissue cells during oxygen deficiency (hypoxia), the formation of blood clots in the lumen of blood vessels.
It should also be noted that there is often a sharp drop in blood pressure that accompanies anaphylactic shock. The assistance algorithm in this case prescribes the preservation of peripheral access. This means that with developing anaphylaxis from an average degree and above, the peripheral veins collapse, and then it is rather problematic for physicians to inject into them. A tourniquet applied to the shoulder with a slight pull will prevent the veins from drooping, and it will be much easier to insert an IV.
Child covered in cold sweat in shock. This results in a large loss of heat. The baby should be covered, creating a comfortable temperature for him. Maintaining the optimal temperature of the skin will ensure the normal movement of fluid from the bloodstream to the interstitial medium and back. This, in turn, reduces puffiness, both general and local.
You can not leave the child alone! A frightened baby is already stressed, and with difficulty breathing and in an incomprehensible situation for him, he will aggravate his condition even more.
At any manifestation of at least one of the signs, you should immediately call an ambulance. An absolute indication for hospitalization is anaphylactic shock diagnosed by an ambulance doctor. urgentassistance to children, started on a call, continues in the intensive care unit. This is necessary for dynamic observation and adequate therapy. The possibility of an atypical course of anaphylaxis is especially taken into account.
Acutely occurring condition, in which there is a threat not only to the he alth, but also to the life of the victim, quite often causes panic among people who are close to the victim. This prescribes to add one more item to the emergency care algorithm for anaphylactic shock. It is necessary to calm down, restore breathing and prudently and accurately begin to save a person in trouble.
