Types of dystrophies - a field of study of biology and medicine. Pathological processes are associated with improper metabolism at the cellular level, which leads to a violation of the integrity of organic structures. In tissues, cells, chemical compounds are generated that are not inherent in these localizations. A rather voluminous classification system has been developed, and for each type, doctors are studying the causes of the phenomenon and possible ways to deal with it.
Categories and groups
Classification of types of dystrophies is based on the morphology of the cellular level and the features of its change. Allocate parenchymal, mesenchymal and combined cases. Assessing the nuances of metabolic processes, pathology is considered lipidosis, dysproteinosis, or due to a violation of reactions involving minerals and carbohydrates. The case can be local or generalized - the second is certainly more severe.
Considering different types of dystrophies, scientists have introduced a classification into groups based on the origin of the pathology. The disease can be obtainedinheritance, but you can buy it after birth.
Morphology and genetics
Different types of dystrophies have specific features and differences. Pathology is explained by the ability of substances to pass into others similar in structure to them. A classic example is carbohydrates, which, under certain conditions, transform into fatty structures. Cells, tissues can become the area of localization of some chemical compounds. This process is called infiltration and is also important in the morphogenesis of dystrophy. There are two variants of infiltrates. In the first case, a cell that actively participates in biochemical processes receives a certain compound in excess. There comes a limit, the structure can not cope with the processing of the connection. The second kind of phenomenon is a decrease in the activity of the cellular structure, which cannot cope with the normal volume of compounds entering it.
In the morphogenesis of different types of dystrophies, an important aspect is decomposition, that is, the phenomenon of the collapse of structures inside tissues, cells. Lipid and protein complexes present in organelle membranes are destroyed. Normally, fatty, protein elements are bound in the membrane, and are not visible under microscopic examination, but after the breakdown of the complex, they can be seen as part of a specific study.
The last feature is improperly flowing synthesis, in which the cell becomes a localization area for the production of abnormal compounds that are not required by the body for proper operation. Thus, amyloidosis is accompanied by the generation of a protein structure, from whichamyloid appears. Against the background of chronic alcoholism, liver cells generate protein elements - the basis for the formation of alcoholic hyaline.
Pathology: Manifested by disturbances
Different types of muscular dystrophy, mesenchymal, carbohydrate and other types, lead to certain failures in the functionality of organic tissues. Disorders can develop in one of two ways: functionality weakens or features of work change, such features are formed that are not normally inherent in cellular structures.
A classic example of a phenomenon: in case of kidney pathologies, protein elements are detected in urine, the generation of which is associated precisely with dystrophic processes. With hepatic dystrophy, the results of tests change, and with cardiac dystrophy, the tones of the organ work.
Parenchymal dystrophies
In this category, three types of phenomena are distinguished; for division into categories, the structures involved in the process are evaluated. So, dystrophy can develop carbohydrate type, with the participation of proteins or lipids. Each of them has its own unique features.
Protein dystrophies
This term refers to pathological processes associated with abnormal protein metabolism. These are usually localized within cells. There are the following types of protein parenchymal dystrophies: horny, hydropic, drip hyaline and granular.
Particularly interesting grainy. This variety is easily determined within the framework of a histological examination:grains of protein are clearly visible. Such a pathology is more often localized in the kidneys, heart, liver, called dull swelling. The name reflects microscopic manifestations - the organs seem to be slightly enlarged, but in the context they are dull, cloudy. It seems as if the fabrics were scalded with boiling water. This type of dystrophy is located depending on several factors, and it is customary to divide the causes into infectious and poisoning.
Granular renal dystrophy is common. A favorable course and outcome are possible if the cause is identified and eliminated in time - gradually the tubular epithelium normalizes its qualities. With prolonged aggressive influence, the processes progress, it is impossible to reverse them, dystrophic changes become the area of localization of necrotic processes. This is often observed if the patient is in contact with kidney poisons.
Granular dystrophy: in the heart and liver
If this type of dystrophy develops in the heart, the organ is slightly enlarged, and the myocardium becomes flabby, visually, when cut, it is similar to boiled meat. Histological analysis shows basophilia. Myocardial waves react differently to eosin, hematoxylin. Some elements get a lilac hue due to hematoxylin, others become bright blue due to eosin.
The liver with this pathology is slightly larger than normal. When cut through organic tissue, the hue appears to be similar to clay. Histological analysis can establish protein grains, but their presence will not be permanent. It is important to evaluate the integritybeam structure. Proteins tend to divide into hepatocytes, due to which the condition was called discomplexation of the liver beams.
Hyaline drip
This form is more often localized in the kidneys, liver. Visually, changes in the organ cannot be noticed; when examined under a microscope, protein drops can be found in the cell cytoplasm. Dystrophy causes cell death due to coagulative necrosis. In the kidneys, pathology is usually formed due to the nephrotic syndrome characteristic of various diseases. Often the syndrome accompanies nephropathy, amyloidosis. A pronounced infiltration is inherent in nephrocytic dystrophy, since the glomerular filter is characterized by an abundance of pores. This soon leads to decomposition, disruption of the nephrocyte apparatus responsible for protein reabsorption.
Hepatic dystrophy of this type is characteristic of patients suffering from alcoholism, hepatitis for this reason. Somewhat less often, dystrophy is detected against the background of cholestasis, cirrhosis. Hyaline-like elements were called alcoholic hyaline. Such structures - mesh or in the form of blocks, are located perinuclearly. Dystrophy is more due to improperly occurring synthesis reactions than to other processes. Alcoholic hyaline sets a whole range of biochemical reactions inside the liver and outside this organ. It has chemotactic qualities, which determines leukotaxis. Predominantly dystrophic foci are surrounded by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Their presence is one of the typical signs of hepatitis due to addiction to alcohol.
Hydropic dystrophy
With this form of the disease, the organs visually remain normal, but a detailed examination under a microscope can reveal vacuoles in the cell cytoplasm, which gradually becomes the cause of ballooning dystrophy, cell death. Such a pathology is more often localized in the liver, kidneys, less often in the skin.
Swelling of the cytoplasm, the formation of a vacuole is accompanied by a displacement of the cell nucleus to the membrane, the color weakens. This pathology is characteristic of patients suffering from nephrotic syndrome. The epithelium covering the tubules of the kidneys becomes the area of localization of pathological processes due to disruption of the system of enzymes and membranes. Normally, these systems are responsible for the reabsorption of fluid, proteins.
Nephrocytic hydropic dystrophy occurs with severe infiltration, decomposition. The sodium-potassium basal labyrinth of ATP suffers, through which the reabsorption of fluid, sodium, occurs.
Liver pathology is usually diagnosed in patients with viral hepatitis. The reason is reproductive viral activity, which disrupts normal synthesis processes in cells.
Lipids
There are several types of fatty degeneration, and the division into categories is related to the biological and chemical nuances of the process. It is customary to differentiate fats into two types: labile, whose volumes are constantly adjusted during human life, and stable, included in cell membranes. To identify fatty structures, they resort to dyes (Sudan, scarlet, osmic acid,Nile blue). Revealing the causes of dystrophy, it was found that most often the pathological condition develops due to poisoning or infectious exposure. Chronic poisoning is most often alcoholic, somewhat less often - medicinal, endocrine. The latter is characteristic of patients with diabetes. The area of localization of dystrophic processes is the myocardium, kidneys, liver.
Most often in clinical practice, one has to deal with the type of fatty degeneration localized in the liver. With this pathology, neutral fat is half formed by hepatocytes. There are three stages of the condition: fatty liver, mesenchymal response organ, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The reason for the accumulation of fatty structures in the liver area is a violation of enzymatic reactions at a certain step in lipid metabolism. This is possible if the cell receives too many fatty compounds, the hepatocyte actively synthesizes such substances, due to which there are not enough enzymes for the normal operation of the system. The cause of dystrophy can be the prolonged influence of toxic compounds, due to which the oxidation of substances is inhibited, as well as the lack of amino acids, without which the production of lipoproteins and phospholipids is impossible.
Pathology of the liver: features
In specialized publications, you can find a lot of tables dedicated to the types of dystrophy, revealing the nuances of the development of pathological processes, the features of their onset, and the factors that provoke violations. The analysis of such sources allows us to identify the main cases leading to hepatic fatty degeneration. In many patients, serumblood revealed an increased content of fatty acids. This is typical for diabetics, alcoholics and people suffering from excess weight. Ethanol, phosphorus and other toxic substances affect hepatocytes, which provokes dystrophy.
A pathological condition can develop due to malnutrition, lack of protein structures in foods, against the background of disorders in the digestive tract. Genetic enzyme defects that regulate lipid metabolism can make their contribution. In this case, inherited lipidosis is diagnosed.
Alcohol and diabetes
Among all cases of fatty degeneration, about half develop due to the use of ethanol. This substance mobilizes the fatty structures contained in the depot, activates the synthesis in hepatocytes, esterification into triglycerides, lowers the level of oxidation, and the release of lipoproteins. Against the background of alcohol intake, the permeability of cell membranes decreases, as the production of cholesterol is activated. With alcohol intoxication, hepatic deposits are common, focal. With diffuse obesity, the liver becomes larger in size, acquires a yellow tint, sagging. A possible outcome is hepatic steatosis. Its probability depends on the responsibility of the patient: with absolute abstinence, after a couple of weeks (sometimes twice as long), the fat completely disappears from the liver. Progression of steatosis leads to cirrhosis.
Up to 75% of diabetics suffer from hepatic fatty degeneration. This is rare in children, adolescents, and young people. In addition, there is a dependence on weight, the level of ketoacidosis. Hepatic steatosis in diabetesdue to the active involvement of fatty structures from the depot with transfer to the liver. At the same time, the processes of producing phospholipids and oxidative reactions are disrupted. Lipolysis is enhanced by a lack of insulin, an anti-lipolytic hormone. The content of fatty acids in the circulatory system increases, the liver actively generates lipoproteins, but there is not enough apoprotein, so the incoming acids are not absorbed, and excess masses are converted into triglycerides. Hepatic steatosis on the background of diabetes is often associated with overweight, and dystrophy is activated due to the abundance of carbohydrates and fats supplied with food.
Carbohydrates and pathology
Several types of carbohydrate dystrophies are known. There are hereditary pathologies associated with improper reactions involving glycogen. At the same time, the body lacks an enzyme (or does not exist at all) responsible for glycogen deposition. The pathological condition is considered to be a storage disease. Six varieties associated with a lack of six types of enzymes have been identified and studied.
Sometimes, carbohydrate dystrophies are detected, caused by incorrectly occurring metabolic reactions of glycoproteins. Mucoids and mucins accumulate inside the cells, in the space between them, and mucous degeneration appears.
To identify the belonging of a case to a certain type, to determine the type of mixed dystrophy, if the process is complex, they resort to examining cells under a microscope. Analyzes help detect the generation of mucus and changes in its chemical, physicalqualities. Cells capable of secreting substances die, desquamate, glandular ducts become obstructed with mucus. As a result, a cyst is formed.
Mesenchymal pathological processes
There are several types of stromal-vascular dystrophies, usually caused by improper connective tissue metabolism. Usually these are found in the vascular wall, stroma in the histion, formed by the microvasculature and connective tissue elements nearby with the inclusion of nerve fibers. Among the mechanisms of development, the most important is incorrect trophism, disruption of the transport system. Often, a patient is diagnosed with several types of mesenchymal dystrophy at once, which can pass between themselves.
The most pronounced features of dystrophy in the case of dysproteinosis. Connective tissue disorganization is caused by destruction, sometimes by the generation of an abnormal protein. All types of mesenchymal dystrophy are currently being actively studied, but certain discoveries in this area have yet to be made. Very often, dystrophies are detected against the background of autoimmune conditions. The heavier they are, the more pronounced the dystrophy.
Problem known to all
There is one type of dystrophy, the name of which has been heard by everyone. This problem scares people for a reason - it is widespread and can lead to irreversible consequences. We are talking about retinal dystrophy. The types of this pathological condition are acquired and hereditary. The first option with timelythe started therapy can be cured, the second one cannot be corrected.
