As one can conclude, studying the rules established by SanPiN on the territory of the Russian Federation, the prevention of parasitic diseases, the treatment and diagnosis of such he alth problems is a very important topic for modern medicine. There are many known pathogens that cause parasitosis. There are no less drugs, approaches, methods of dealing with pathologies. There are several ways to clarify the diagnosis. Let's try to understand in general terms what parasitosis is and why they are dangerous.
General information
There is nothing surprising that in our country a separate document was even published on parasitic diseases - SanPiN. Of course, not all of it is devoted to just such a problem, but separate chapters are introduced so that various enterprises organize their activities in such a way as to minimize the risk of the spread of diseases. Why is it so important? How calculatedscientists, there are about one and a half thousand diseases that are dangerous for humans and animals, and of this total number of infectious pathologies, parasitosis accounts for almost a quarter - about four hundred varieties.
In our country, 36 diseases provoked by parasites are widespread. In the official statistics of the Ministry responsible for public he alth, attention is paid to 13 species. According to some scientists, there are more than two tens of millions of people suffering from such diseases in the territory of the state. Gradually, the number of patients only increases, despite attempts to educate the population in hygiene. The introduction of new legislative acts aimed at preventing diseases and reducing the prevalence rate does not help either.
Common problem
At the moment it is not possible to eliminate the problems associated with the development of infectious and parasitic diseases of animals and humans: often people get infected from pets. Helminths parasitize first in the body of an animal, only after that they move into the human body. There is a danger of getting sick if thermally unprocessed or poorly processed pork, beef, and fish are eaten. Cases of the transfer of a pathological agent from cats and dogs are not uncommon. You can get infected from a wild animal, through plant food and water into which the larvae of the parasite have penetrated.
Pets are especially dangerous, in which toxocars are very common. This variety of microscopic pests initiates visceral toxocariasis. Relativelyoften the disease is diagnosed in children. The main manifestation is eye pathology, allergies, bronchial asthma. Irreparable damage to brain tissue is possible. The problem of prevention of parasitic disease in the territory of the Russian Federation lies in the peculiarities of our usual way of life. Children, especially small children, often play in sandboxes contaminated with toxocara eggs. According to doctors, pollution of the environment in which a person lives is equally dangerous for people of all age groups.
About statistics
Only official cases of toxocariasis registered by doctors in our country have increased a hundred times over the past few decades. The rules devoted to the prevention of parasitic diseases in SanPiN are to some extent formulated to control the situation, although so far there is no way to really effectively change the situation for the better. The fact is that the epidemiological situation is worsened by wild dogs living in almost any settlement, especially a large one. More than a million animals are known to live this way in the capital, generating hundreds of tons of infected feces. As studies of veterinary services show, among wild dogs, toxocara are observed in more than half. About 40% of all soil samples show infection with parasite eggs. This is also typical for the territory of play areas, children's zones, adjacent plots in residential areas.
Risks and dangers
Toxocara is a causative agent of a parasitic disease that may be absent in the body of a domestic dog, and stillthe animal becomes a source of human infection. An individual can bring a larva from the street on its paws. Penetration into the human body, especially children, becomes a matter of time.
Recently, the number of dogs in large cities has increased greatly. Doctors believe that this forces to regard toxocariasis as one of the key hygiene problems. This is important from the point of view of ecology, cleaning the soil. More effective than currently available measures to protect the soil from a dangerous pathogen are required. Today, toxocariasis is rightfully one of the most dangerous helminthiases for society. The risk to urban dwellers is very, very high.
Problems: Toxocara is not the only one
As you can see from publications devoted to the problem of parasitic diseases, somewhat less often than toxocara, but still very often in the environment there are baylisaskaris eggs. This pathological agent usually lives in the body of a raccoon, in humans it provokes a severe disease, with a high degree of probability leading to death. If people feed wild raccoons, the chance of infection becomes especially high.
Cases of cystic echinococcosis are not uncommon. Patients with alveococcosis are relatively common. These diseases are considered very dangerous, severe. The parasite enters the human body through contact with dogs. If the case is particularly severe, even operating on the patient does not allow for a cure. In this case, chemotherapy is indicated for many years - often until the end.life. The prognosis is almost always unfavorable.
Features of the flow
Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease provoked by microorganisms belonging to the class of cystodes. Eggs are laid by individuals from the genus canine - they are the final hosts of the helminth. In the environment, the egg gets rid of the shell, becoming an oncosphere. If a person swallows such a formation, the sphere seeps through the intestinal walls into the circulatory system and spreads through the internal systems. There is a danger of damage to the pulmonary system and the brain. The kidneys and liver may be affected. Having chosen a suitable localization, the oncosphere transforms into a larvocyst.
Alveococcosis provokes contact with the final host of the parasite. Coprophagia is the main route of spread of the helminth. There is a possibility of transmission of the infection aerogenically, by contact, through hands and water, food contaminated with tapeworm eggs. Among the transmission factors are grass and air, food, insects.
Nuances of distribution and flow
Studying the epidemiology of a parasitic disease, scientists have found that there are certain risk groups - people who get sick more often, as well as people whose disease is more severe. Risk factors are determined by the activity of the person, his social status, economic activity. The risks are caused by animal husbandry, eating berries, vegetables infected with the parasite. Sheep farming is another risk factor.
Predisposition to the development of a parasitic disease is observed in men with the secondblood group. Their disease often affects the lungs and liver. Larvocysts have a local, systemic effect on the body. Immunity is suppressed, a sensitization reaction develops, metabolism is disturbed. Sometimes you can see allergic responses of an immediate form, there is a possibility of systemic amyloidosis, fibrosis. Possible damage to the lymphatic, cardiac, vascular systems. Inflammatory foci lead to necrotic processes in areas near the larvocyst.
About manifestations
The symptomatology of the case depends on the type of pathogen that has entered the body. You can suspect a parasitic disease if a person gets tired quickly, often feels unwell and weak. The patient has allergic reactions, often a skin rash occurs, appetite worsens. With some helminths, appetite may be activated. In any of the options, weight is reduced. In addition, infection with parasites manifests itself as a violation of the stool, vomiting and nausea. Your stomach may hurt. By examining feces, fragments of parasites or whole individuals can be found.
With some types of invasion, the patient is worried about itching near the anus. Sleep is disturbed. Analyzes show a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. There may be a decrease in the number of red blood cells. There are relatively rare forms of parasites that do not nest in the gastrointestinal tract. These lead to symptoms due to the area of invasion. So, if the parasite lives in the liver, the patient feels nausea and soreness on the right under the ribs, a change in the shade of the skin to yellowish.
Varieties and causes
In order for the prevention of infectious and parasitic diseases to be effective, you need to know what types of diseases there are. Helminthiases are divided into luminal, hepatobiliary, tissue, pulmonary. There are ophthalmic helminthiases. Filariasis belongs to this group. Most often in medical practice there are pinworms, roundworms, whipworm. Giardiasis cases are not uncommon.
Eggs, larvae can enter the human body with food, fruits, vegetables, not washed well enough, containing soil inclusions. Certain risks are associated with poorly washed dishes and poor hand hygiene. Accordingly, the main preventive measure is the impeccable observance of hygiene requirements and rules.
Pinworms and Giardia
You can become infected with pinworms if you swallow a parasite egg. It may end up in the hands of a person. Often the eggs of this agent are found under the nails. The main measure for the prevention of parasitic disease is meticulous personal hygiene. A person who has become ill with such an invasion releases eggs of the parasite into the environment. They can apply to household items, clothes and bedding, household items. If a he althy person touches such items, the hands become infected with eggs, which can then penetrate inside.
To be effective in the prevention of a parasitic disease caused by Giardia, you need to know the mechanism of infection by this pathological agent. The predominant route is oral-fecal. A person who has this infection secretes eggs on certain days - when they accumulate in the bodyenough. Studies have shown that up to two million copies can be allocated per day.
Status update
Diagnosis of parasitic diseases involves several successive steps. First, the doctor clarifies complaints, studies the medical history, then directs the patient to laboratory tests. Take stool samples to identify eggs. Get a small amount of blood for ELISA analysis. This study helps to identify helminth antibodies, such protein elements of immunity that are able to identify and eliminate the pathogen.
An x-ray examination of the intestinal tract is shown to clarify the condition. If a lot of pathogens have accumulated in the gaps, they can be seen in the picture. Scraping is necessary to determine enterobiasis. The smear is examined under a microscope. The diagnosis is confirmed if eggs are found. Sometimes worms are observed in the feces. In some cases, an examination by an infectious disease specialist is additionally prescribed.
What to do?
Treatment of parasitic diseases is practiced only under the supervision of a professional. The doctor prescribes medicines. A multi-complete therapeutic course is prescribed to get rid of the invasion and eliminate the consequences of infection. Sometimes an operation is needed. The patient is shown antihistamines, probiotics, enterosorbents. If anemia is established, folic acid, preparations containing iron, vitamins are prescribed. The choice of a particular pharmaceutical product is based on the type of anemia.
Dyskinesia of the biliary tract requires drugs that stimulate the outflow of this substance, stabilizing the tone of the walls of the ducts. Usually, enzyme medications are additionally prescribed to improve the performance of the digestive tract. Reduce the intake of flour and sweets with food, reduce the amount of carbohydrates. The therapeutic course is shown not only to the patient, but also to all his relatives living with him in the same house, since there is a risk of an infectious focus. It is very important to be responsible for hygiene. It is advisable to boil the linen and carefully iron the entire period of treatment. It is equally important to make it a habit to regularly diligently wash your hands with soap. It is advisable to cut long nails.
Can it be expelled?
Prevention of parasitic diseases is a rather simple and at the same time extremely difficult task. To exclude such pathologies, it is necessary to comply with hygienic measures with the utmost responsibility. In the general case, this is enough, but for many they are difficult. It is important to wash food and hands thoroughly. Young children are especially closely supervised. It is necessary to remember the danger posed by animals, and, if possible, exclude contact with any representatives of the animal world.
