Today, many residents of our country believe that getting to a good doctor is a great success, akin to winning the lottery. I must say that medicine in Russia is currently in decline, so many patients can only dream of attentive and highly qualified doctors. The division into rich and poor is becoming more and more apparent, not to mention other aspects of the life of an ordinary person. In this regard, paid clinics that offer the patient quality care in the form of long-term appointments and the appointment of a number of diagnostic measures are becoming increasingly popular.
The history of medicine in Russia recorded a case when one of the most famous therapist of the 19th century met a patient on the doorstep with the words: "Hello, patient with mitral heart disease." Of course, such doctors are rare.
The level of education of future doctors is also important. The introduction of the training of general practitioners in just one year will not only significantly reduce the quality of medicine in general, but may also increase the mortality rate among the population. For example, to become a doctor in the 18th century, one had to study from 7 to 11 years.
XVIII century. Origin
For the first timethe term “medicine” in our country was used under Peter I. The emperor himself attached great importance to medical practice, opening a hospital school in 1707, and in 1764 a medical faculty at Moscow University. Medicine in Russia of those times was transformed from folk to scientific. If earlier conditional education was limited only to surgery, then under Peter I, the following sciences began to be taught in an educational institution:
- pharmacology;
- neurology;
- toothache;
- maxillofacial surgery;
- physiology and anatomy;
- forensics.
Many specialists traveled abroad and adopted the experience of foreign doctors. The emperor himself was quite closely involved in the study of medicine and successfully carried out dental procedures and operations for both ordinary people and representatives of the nobility.
XVIII century. Development
The development of medicine in Russia was in full swing. At the end of the 18th century, several hospitals, hospitals and the first psychiatric clinic were opened. It was with the advent of the latter that the birth of psychiatry as a science began. At the same time, it became mandatory to perform an autopsy of the patient after his death.
Despite the flurry of activity, the demographic situation was disappointing due to epidemics of smallpox and plague. Medical leaders of that time, such as S. G. Zybelin, associated the widespread spread of diseases, as well as high infant mortality, with the lack of proper hygiene among the population.
In the 90s of the 18th century, Moscowthe university, which at that time became the largest center of education and science, was allowed to confer doctoral degrees in medical sciences. F. I. Barsuk-Moiseev was the first to receive this honorary title. Medicine in Russia began to replenish with qualified personnel.
18th century medical reform
In the 18th century, a fundamentally new approach to the organization of medical care, training in medical and pharmaceutical business was formed. Pharmaceutical orders, the Office of the main pharmacy, the Medical Office were created, and reforms were carried out in the organization of the educational process and the formation of medical institutions. So, in 1753, P. Z. Kondoidi established a new education system, according to which students spent 7 years at the university and passed mandatory exams at the end.
XIX century. Home
Medicine in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century began to develop at a faster pace. In order to study the medical business, special literature was required. Periodicals and the first manuals on anatomy began to be published, the authors of which were the medical luminaries of that time I. V. Buyalsky and E. O. Mukhin.
Obstetrics and gynecology were carefully studied. The results of research and experiments have become a breakthrough in the prevention and treatment of diseases of the female genital organs. Experiments were carried out regarding the activity of the central nervous system, which gave an explanation for all the processes occurring in the body.
Researchers in this field (I. E. Dyadkovsky, E. O. Mukhin, K. V. Lebedev and others) formulated anddeveloped the position of the reflex theory.
M. J. Mudrov founded the method of dialogue with the patient, which made it possible to identify the main signs of the disease and its etiology even at the stage of questioning. Later this method was improved by G. A. Zakharyin.
XIX century. Development
The development of medicine in Russia was marked by an addition to the list of diagnostic measures. In particular, G. I. Sokolsky singled out the percussion method in the study of chest diseases. In this regard, the scientist published the work "On medical research with the help of hearing, especially with the help of a stethoscope", which was published in 1835.
In the early 19th century, an institution was formed to protect against plague, smallpox and other dangerous diseases through vaccination. Many professors, creating a remedy, considered it their duty to test it on themselves. In this regard, one of the Russian doctors, M. Ya. Mudrov, died heroically, whose death was the greatest loss for Russia.
In 1835, by decree of the censorship committee, the essence of teaching at medical universities was determined, which was reduced to the divine nature of man. In fact, this meant that the history of medicine in Russia had to end at this stage. However, doctors continued their research and achieved amazing results.
Results of the 19th century
In the 19th century, the foundations of all modern scientific positions in medicine were laid, including dermatology, histology and even balneology. Thanks to the developments of the most famous scientists of that time, anesthesia began to be used, methodsresuscitation and physiotherapy. Also, such sciences as microbiology and virology were formed, which began to develop later.
The state of medicine in Russia in the 20th century
Since 1900, orthopedics, ophthalmology, and oncology have been rapidly developing. The most significant figures in the medical community headed clinics, institutes and schools - G. I. Turner, R. R. Vreden, E. V. Adamyuk and others.
A significant step forward has been made in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, especially thanks to the work of VF Snegirev called "Uterine bleeding". N. F. Filatov creates the first pediatric school, publishes clinical guidelines and works on childhood diseases and prevention.
Many other areas of medicine also did not stand still. In the 20th century, the most important discovery of the genetic code was made, which will allow scientists, when fully decoded, to examine the human body with high accuracy.
System changes
Medicine reform in Russia and other countries must be carried out constantly, because science does not stand still, resulting in new drugs, research methods and treatments. In addition, it is necessary to carry out a set of measures aimed at providing the entire population with qualified medical care, which today, unfortunately, not all Russians can count on.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the reform of medicine in Russia has been discussed by leading experts. It is assumed that from 2015 fundinghe alth care institutions will change. Staff will be paid per patient, not per bed. All clinics will have a single price list, many are planned to switch to a seven-day work week. Hospital accounts for charitable contributions, which currently have a zero balance, will also be involved. It is assumed that the introduction of new funding standards will help the population receive high-level services throughout the Russian Federation.
Opinions
However, modern medicine in Russia cannot provide high quality service, so many experts believe that changes should start with education. Doctors also see the reform as a rollback to the old service system, which involved the division into hospitals for the poor and the rich.
The problems of medicine in Russia lie not only in insufficient funding of he althcare institutions, but also in the complete indifference of some doctors to patients. Judging by the history of the development of medical practice, many doctors have devoted their lives to studying and developing the latest methods for studying the body and getting rid of various diseases. Unfortunately, modern medicine tends to monetize life.
