One of the important hematological indicators is the MID in the blood test. What it is? MID means the ratio of different types of leukocytes. To determine this indicator, you do not need to undergo a special examination, it is enough to pass a general blood test (CBC), which is taken from a finger.
What is MID?
Leukocytes are white blood cells that form in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. These blood components play an important role in protecting the body from infections. Leukocytes are divided into several types:
- eosinophils;
- neutrophils;
- basophils;
- lymphocytes;
- monocytes.
The relative or absolute content of a mixture of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes shows MID in a blood test. What it is? The relative content is measured as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes. The absolute indicator is calculated in the number of cells per 1 liter of blood. Currently, the MID percentage is more commonly used. Otherwise, this indicator is called MXD.
How do you get tested?
Blood for general clinical analysis(KLA) is usually taken from the finger, in rare cases, a sampling is taken from a vein. The skin area is treated with a disinfectant solution, a small puncture is made and the material is collected in a test tube. Such a study does not require special preparation. It is advisable to donate blood in the morning on an empty stomach. A general analysis is taken at any clinic. In addition to MID, such an examination also reveals other important hematological data: hemoglobin, ESR, red blood cells and platelets.
When is the test ordered?
OAC is the most common clinical trial. It is recommended to go through when contacting a doctor about a disease, as well as for preventive purposes during medical examination. An analysis may be prescribed if the following diseases are suspected:
- infections;
- inflammatory processes;
- allergy;
- tumors;
- anemia.
Abbreviated and extended blood count
With a shortened version of the study, the MID is necessarily determined in the blood test. What it is? If a person has no complaints, and the KLA is carried out for the purpose of prevention, then an abbreviated analysis is done. In addition to MID, the following indicators are calculated:
- hemoglobin;
- ESR;
- platelets;
- erythrocytes;
- total white blood cell count.
If deviations were detected with a reduced KLA, then a more detailed study is carried out. For example, if the MID norm is exceeded in a blood test, decoding is necessarycarry out for each type of cell separately. For this purpose, a detailed examination is prescribed with the determination of the leukocyte formula.
MID norms in the blood test
The relative MID in the complete blood count is 5-10%. This is considered the norm. The study is quite accurate, and errors in the results are extremely rare. The percentage of white blood cells is calculated automatically.
The absolute MID should be 0.2 - 0.8x109/l. It should be noted that the MID standards in deciphering a blood test for women and men are the same. Slight fluctuations in these data are possible only during the menstrual period due to hormonal imbalance.
MID deviation
If the concentration of MID in the blood test is increased or decreased, then this usually indicates a pathology. This indicator is not affected by random causes, and survey results are rarely distorted. But it is impossible to make a diagnosis only by the abbreviated KLA. Therefore, in such cases, a study is prescribed for the leukocyte formula.
If the MID in the blood test is elevated, what does it mean? Such indicators indicate that the body has to deal with pathology. And for this reason, leukocyte cells are produced in large numbers. A more detailed analysis is needed to suggest the nature of the disease.
More often there are pathologies in which the MID in the blood test is elevated. A low level of this indicator is observed less often. This may be due to violationshematopoiesis, taking certain medications, intoxication, anemia, decreased immunity. In these cases, an additional detailed study is also prescribed for eosinophils, basophils and monocytes.
Eosinophils
Eosinophils are cells produced by the bone marrow. When an infection enters the body, the immune system produces antibodies. Complex complexes are formed from the antigens of microorganisms and cells that fight foreign proteins. Eosinophils neutralize these accumulations and purify the blood.
The norm of the percentage of eosinophils in the leukocyte formula is from 1 to 5%. If these figures are exceeded, then doctors talk about eosinophilia. This may indicate the following diseases:
- worm infestation;
- allergy;
- malaria;
- bronchial asthma;
- skin diseases of non-allergic origin (pemphigus, epidermolysis bullosa);
- rheumatic pathologies;
- myocardial infarction;
- blood diseases;
- malignant tumors;
- pneumonia;
- lack of immunoglobulins;
- cirrhosis of the liver.
In addition, eosinophilia can be triggered by taking medications: antibiotics, sulfonamides, hormones, nootropics. The reasons for such a deviation in the blood test for the leukocyte formula can be varied. Additional examinations are required to clarify the diagnosis.
If eosinophils are low, doctors call this condition eosinopenia. This suggests that cell productiondepressed due to the depletion of the body's defenses. The following reasons for a decrease in eosinophils are possible:
- severe infections;
- sepsis;
- appendicitis complicated by peritonitis;
- toxic shock;
- emotional overstrain;
- injuries;
- burns;
- operations;
- lack of sleep.
Recent childbirth, surgery, and medication may affect test results.
Basophiles
If the patient has complaints of allergic reactions, then the study of basophils plays a big role in elevated MID in the blood test. What it is? Basophils fight allergens that enter the body. This releases histamine, prostaglandins and other substances that cause inflammation.
Normally, the relative amount of basophils in the blood in adults is 0.5-1%, and in children 0.4-0.9%.
The increased content of these cells is called basophilia. This is a rather rare occurrence. It is usually observed in allergic reactions and hematological pathologies such as leukemia and lymphogranulomatosis. And also basophils can be increased in the following pathologies:
- diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
- diabetes;
- windmill;
- early stage respiratory tumors;
- hypothyroidism;
- iron deficiency;
- taking thyroid hormones, estrogens and corticosteroids.
Sometimes basophils can be slightly elevated with minor chronicinflammation. Somewhat increased levels of these cells are observed in women at the beginning of menstruation and during ovulation.
If, with a reduced MID, the decoding of a blood test for basophils shows results below the norm, then this indicates the depletion of the supply of leukocytes. The reasons for this result of the analysis may be different:
- physical and emotional strain;
- increased activity of the thyroid or adrenal glands;
- acute infections;
- exhaustion.
It must be remembered that women during pregnancy may have false test results. This is due to an increase in blood volume, because of this, the relative number of basophils decreases.
Monocytes
Monocytes are blood cells that fight primarily against viral infection. They are able to digest not only foreign proteins, but also dead white blood cells and damaged cells. It is because of the work of monocytes in viral inflammations that there is never suppuration. These cells do not die while fighting infection.
The normal percentage of monocytes in the blood is 3-10%. In infants up to 2 weeks old, the norm is from 5 to 15%, and in children under 12 years old - from 2 to 12%. Exceeding this indicator is noted under the following conditions:
- viral infections;
- worm infestation;
- diseases caused by fungi and protozoa;
- tuberculosis;
- syphilis;
- brucellosis;
- autoimmune pathologies (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis);
- monocytic leukemia and othersmalignant blood diseases;
- diseases of the bone marrow;
- tetrachloroethane intoxication.
In childhood, the most common cause of increased monocytes is infectious mononucleosis. This is how the immune system reacts to the Epstein-Barr virus entering the body.
Women during menstruation may have a slight increase in monocytes to the upper limits of normal. In the first months of pregnancy, moderate monocytosis is possible, as the immune system reacts to the embryo.
Sometimes monocytes deviate from the norm in a smaller direction with a reduced MID in the blood test. What does such data mean? Monocytopenia can be observed in the following pathologies:
- shock states;
- purulent-inflammatory diseases;
- general depletion of the body and immune system;
- excessive hormone intake;
- blood diseases.
Lymphocytes and neutrophils
MID blood test shows the content of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. However, with a detailed examination, you need to pay attention to other types of leukocyte cells: lymphocytes and neutrophils.
Lymphocytes play a major role in building immunity against infections. Normally, their content is from 20 to 40%.
Lymphocytosis is observed in serious infectious diseases such as HIV, whooping cough, hepatitis and others. The number of these cells can be increased in blood diseases and poisoning with lead, arsenic, carbon disulfide.
Lymphocytopenia (decrease in lymphocytes) mayoccur with the following diseases:
- immunodeficiency states;
- acute infectious pathologies;
- tuberculosis;
- autoimmune processes;
- anemia.
Neutrophils are divided into stab (normal 1-6%) and segmented (normal 47-72%). These cells have bactericidal properties, they rush to the site of inflammation and destroy microorganisms.
An elevated neutrophil count is called neutrophilic leukocytosis. This may be due to the following reasons:
- any inflammatory processes;
- malignant diseases of the blood and bone marrow;
- diabetes mellitus;
- preeclampsia and eclampsia;
- first 24 hours after surgery;
- blood transfusion.
A decrease in the number of neutrophils is observed under the following conditions:
- acute viral infections (measles, rubella, chickenpox, mumps);
- severe bacterial diseases;
- chemical intoxication;
- exposure to radiation (including radiotherapy);
- anemia;
- high body temperature (from 38.5 degrees);
- taking cytostatics, antidepressants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
- blood diseases.
What to do if the MID is abnormal?
If there is a deviation from the norm in the blood test for MID, it is necessary to undergo additional diagnostics. Detect the disease only by KLA and leukocyte formulaimpossible. Treatment will depend on the type of pathology.
If abnormalities are caused by infectious diseases, antibiotics and antiviral drugs will be required. With an increase in basophils due to allergies, antihistamines are prescribed. If changes in the leukocyte composition are associated with blood diseases, then such pathologies are treated for a long time by complex methods.
Sometimes abnormalities in analysis do not require special therapy. To improve the composition of the blood, it is enough to change the patient's lifestyle. But this is possible only in the absence of serious diseases.
The results of the blood test must be shown to the doctor. Only a specialist will be able to prescribe further diagnostics and determine treatment tactics.
