Treatment of pathologies and damage to the soft tissues of the face, as well as manipulations on the teeth, is carried out with the help of anesthesia, which greatly facilitates surgical intervention.
There are several different types of anesthesia in the upper jaw, which help to significantly reduce painful manifestations during medical manipulations. Such a procedure is performed exclusively by a dentist and allows you to achieve the desired result in just a few minutes.
Infiltration anesthesia
There are several different options for local anesthesia during dental procedures. These include infiltration anesthesia in the upper jaw, which implies the introduction of a special drug by injection. This medicine helps to saturate the required tissue area and blocks the flow of nerve impulses. It should be noted that the closer the needle is inserted to the nerve bundle, the faster the desired effect occurs.
This procedure is considered quite simple and safe. Modernanesthetics enable dentists to carry out the required manipulations for 45-60 minutes without causing discomfort and pain. Indications for the use of infiltration anesthesia in the upper and lower jaw are:
- suturing;
- opening abscesses;
- removal or treatment of teeth;
- tumor removal;
- tooth defects.
For this type of anesthesia, thin short needles are used, as well as certain medicines. An absolute contraindication is the presence of individual intolerance to the drugs used.
Main species
There are several types of infiltration anesthesia on the upper jaw in dentistry. In particular, doctors distinguish between direct and indirect types of anesthesia. The direct type of anesthesia implies the introduction of a solution into the area where manipulations are planned. A similar technique is used in facial surgery. Indirect type of anesthesia involves the introduction of a solution at a small distance from the site of dental intervention. Depending on the area of drug administration, several types of anesthesia in the upper jaw are distinguished, in particular, such as:
- submucosal;
- subperiosteal;
- intrapulpal;
- spongy;
- intraligamentary.
The submucosal type of administration is the most common. Its peculiarity is that the injection is injected into the area of convergence of the palatine and alveolar process. The subperiosteal view is characterized by the fact that it is used when it is necessary to obtain deep anesthesia. The drug is injected under the mucous membrane at the border of the gum parts.
Intraligamentary technique involves the introduction of a solution into the area of the periodontal gap. The duration of the injection is approximately 2 minutes as the drug encounters little resistance.
One of the most reliable types of infiltration method is intrapulpal. To perform this type of anesthesia, the dentist opens the pulp chamber. A big plus is the lack of leakage of the drug through the needle.
Technology of carrying out
Before applying anesthesia on the upper jaw, it is imperative to treat the skin. The introduction of the anesthetic is carried out in layers. The procedure begins with the injection of the solution with a 2-cc syringe along the intended line of tissue dissection. Re-introduction is carried out using a 5-cc syringe through the infiltrated areas. The drug covers soft tissues located outside the area of surgical intervention.
The specialist performs subsequent layer-by-layer saturation of tissues by introducing a creeping infiltrate. The accuracy of the execution technique allows minimizing injury to the infiltration area.
Conductive anesthesia
Conduction anesthesia in the upper jaw is used quite rarely, since it involves the introduction of an active drug into the nerve area. Such a technique is rather complicated, which is associated with a high density of vessels and structures, as well as very often complications occur, and there is a high probability of ineffective anesthesia.
Teeth and jaw mucosa are permeated with nerve endings, which is why conduction anesthesia in the upper jaw is aimed at influencing a specific nerve. Dentists distinguish several types of such anesthesia.
Infraorbial anesthesia
Infraorbital or infraorbital anesthesia is performed to block the branch of the infraorbital nerve, which is responsible for the sensitivity of the lower eyelids, upper lip, nose and partially cheeks. Anesthesia is carried out by injecting the drug into the exit site of the infraorbital nerve. To administer an anesthetic, an intraoral and extraoral method is used.
Extraoral anesthesia means that during the introduction the index finger of the left hand is placed on the middle of the lower edge of the orbit to control the depth of the anesthetic drug. The injection of the drug should be carried out in the area located near the nose.
For intraoral injection, the needle should be positioned between the central and lateral incisors. If all manipulations were performed correctly, then loss of sensitivity is observed in areas such as:
- teeth on the side of manipulation;
- jaw mucosa;
- soft tissues associated with infraorbitalnerve.
Conduction of conduction anesthesia on the upper and lower jaw can be somewhat complicated by injury to blood vessels, post-traumatic neuritis, hematoma formation, and nerve damage with a needle.
Local anesthesia
Local anesthesia of the upper jaw can be performed in the palate. As a result of the introduction of an anesthetic, the greater palatine nerve is turned off. During the manipulation, the solution is delivered to the exit site of the nerve endings from the bone.
To do this, the patient must open his mouth wide and tilt his head back. The insertion area is located approximately 5 mm from the edge of the hard palate next to the first or second molar. The injection site is preliminarily lubricated with iodine, and then the drug is administered.
This type of anesthesia is characterized by the rapid anesthesia of the palate. However, such a technique can provoke complications, in particular, such as hematoma, vascular injury, and paresis of the soft palate.
Incisal anesthesia
Incisive anesthesia is performed to provide a temporary blockade of the nasopalatine nerve. The area of anesthesia covers the mucous membrane of the canines and incisors from the front. The technique of anesthesia of the anterior teeth of the upper jaw implies intraoral and extraoral administration of the drug.
With intraoral anesthesia, an injection is made at the base of the incisive papilla, which is located behind the incisors. In this case, 0.5 ml of the solution is injected, and then the needle is slightly advanced up, approximately10 mm, and then the rest of the agent is introduced. In the case of extraoral anesthesia, gauze swabs soaked in anesthetic are initially installed in the nasal passages. The injection is carried out in the nasolabial recess, located 2 cm down from the base of the nasal septum. Each side requires the introduction of 1 ml of solution.
This technique is quite dangerous, as various complications can occur. When blood vessels are injured, bleeding, hematoma formation, and damage to the nasopalatine nerve are observed. In addition, the introduction of a needle can be very painful, so this technique is poorly tolerated by the patient. This type of pain relief is rarely used.
Tuber anesthesia
Nerve endings, which are responsible for the sensitivity of large molars, emerge from several holes in the bone formation. To block these nerves, tuberal anesthesia is performed on the upper jaw. The technique of drug administration implies that the patient slightly opens his mouth so that he can pull his cheek with a spatula or a mirror. The needle is inserted all the way into the bone, and the injection point should be slightly below the transitional fold in the area of the second molar.
Tuberal anesthesia is used to anesthetize the upper molars and the mucosa that belongs to this area. However, it should be noted that when using such a technique, there is a possibility of damage to large and smallblood vessels, since their high density is observed in this area. To prevent complications, the introduction of the needle should be carried out with the gradual inlet of the drug to expand the vessels.
Stem anesthesia
This technique involves the introduction of an anesthetic into the cheekbones or the base of the skull. When it is carried out, the trigeminal nerve is completely blocked.
Stem anesthesia in the upper jaw is used quite rarely in dentistry, mainly during surgery, in particular, in case of serious injuries of the jaw, the presence of neoplasms, as well as inflammatory processes occurring deep in the tissues.
Indications and features of anesthesia
Among the main indications for stem anesthesia, it is necessary to highlight the following:
- jaw injury;
- purulent processes in bone tissue;
- cancerous or large growths.
The only contraindication is the presence of individual intolerance to the drugs used to anesthetize tissues. During stem anesthesia, the drug is injected into the trigeminal nerve at the base of the skull, which makes it possible to achieve rapid numbness of the jaw. It allows you to fix the position of the mouth in the open position. Anesthesia begins to act literally 10-15 minutes after the drug is injected.
Pros and cons of the technique
Stem anesthesia has certain pros and cons. Among the mainthe advantages of its use can be identified such as:
- extensive area of anesthesia;
- quick action;
- prolonged action;
- minimal risk of complications;
- quick recovery.
However, there are certain disadvantages, among which it is necessary to highlight the presence of an allergy to the drugs used. In addition, there may be a systemic reaction of the body to the anesthetic and damage to nerve endings.
