Hypertension is a pathology associated with chronic high blood pressure. In turn, this disease is divided into two types: primary and secondary arterial hypertension. The first type occurs as a result of disruption of the blood vessels, the second is the result of some diseases in different body systems. The first type of hypertension is much more common than the other - secondary hypertension, which requires not only the therapy of the vascular system, but also those organs, the violation of which provoked an increase in pressure. In the article we will take a closer look at the symptoms, causes and classification of the disease.
What is this
Symptomatic arterial hypertension or, in other words, secondary is observed when internal systems and organs are damaged. An increase in blood pressure often occursagainst the background of chronic diseases, which from time to time remind of themselves. Primary hypertension is difficult to diagnose. What can not be said about the symptomatic form of pathology. The causes that cause it are quickly clarified thanks to the international classification of diseases, in which you can find all the information about secondary hypertension (according to ICD 10, l15 - its code in the system).
Symptoms
In the international classification, the following symptoms of the disease can be found:
- dizziness;
- pain in the head;
- "flies" before the eyes;
- rapid heart rate;
- tinnitus;
- puffiness, especially in the morning;
- irritability;
- feeling anxious;
- weakness;
- nausea.
Both primary and secondary hypertension have a common symptom - high blood pressure. In the symptomatic form, not all signs of pathology may appear. Sometimes it can be manifested only by an increase in pressure. The most pronounced signs can be seen in patients with neurogenic hypertension. In this case, convulsions, sweating and tachycardia may additionally be observed.
If the increase in pressure is caused by problems in the functioning of the renal system, then the patient notices blurred vision and headaches. At the beginning of the development of the disease, the pathological process may not make itself felt. A person may feel a slight malaise, which most attribute to fatigue. Although at this moment a dangerous ailment is born, which must be timelytreat.
Every person suffering from chronic diseases must be familiar with the signs inherent in secondary hypertension. With this knowledge, he will be able to save himself from dangerous complications, which can lead to frequent cases of high blood pressure.
It is important to learn to distinguish the primary form from the secondary. The latter has some features:
- traditional remedies fail to reduce blood pressure;
- BP rises suddenly;
- violation is typical for young people from 20 years old and pensioners after 60 years old;
- high blood pressure is sustainable;
- sympatho-adrenaline crises can occur.
An accurate diagnosis can only be made by a specialist, after examining a person who has complained of deteriorating he alth.
A distinctive feature of the secondary form of the disease is the impossibility of reducing pressure with the usual drugs.
Classification
Secondary hypertension, according to the ICD-10 classification, has several different types, depending on the etiology. These include:
- renovascular hypertension;
- caused by endocrine disorders;
- due to other factors;
- associated with kidney damage;
- unspecified.
Reasons
Causes of secondary hypertension experts divide into several groups. They depend on what disease provoked the increase in pressure:
- With renal hypertension - stagnation of fluid in the body, impaired blood flow in the kidneys and narrowing of the arteries.
- With endocrine hypertension - acromegaly, adrenal disease, thyroid problems.
- In the neurogenic form - encephalitis, trauma, stroke, increased intracranial pressure, brain tumors.
- With cardiovascular form - heart defects, aortic lesions, heart failure.
- Drug form of hypertension occurs while taking antidepressants, oral contraceptives with estrogen, glucocorticoids.
- Alcohol abuse is considered a common cause of high blood pressure, so chronic alcoholism can be attributed to the causes of the development of pathology.
Pulmonary hypertension
Secondary pulmonary hypertension is a pathology in which pressure rises in the arteries of the lungs. The result is a narrowing of the lumen in the vessel of the lung. The reason for this is the complex structure of the pulmonary arteries. The disease most often manifests itself in middle-aged women. In men, it is diagnosed three times less often.
In the first stages, the disease does not manifest itself in any way, a person may not even be aware of its presence until a hypertensive crisis, hemoptysis and pulmonary edema occur. That is, when the development of secondary pulmonary hypertension becomes severe, and this greatly complicates the treatment.
Renal
The renal form of the disease is considered the most common. It occurs in the vast majority of cases, more than 80%. Pathology develops due to damage to the kidneys, which can be either congenital or acquired, as well as pathologies of the arteries that feed the kidneys.
How severe the disease will be depends on how quickly the renal artery becomes blocked and how the disease itself proceeds, which caused the increase in blood pressure. In the initial stages, there may be no signs of hypertension.
Secondary renal hypertension will begin to manifest itself only after there is a strong damage to the tissues of the kidneys. Patients diagnosed with pyelonephritis should be afraid of an increase in blood pressure. With inflammation in the renal pelvis, the risk of pressure problems is very high. Glomerulonephritis can lead to the same diagnosis. This disease is also infectious.
You can often find symptomatic hypertension in young patients. If the pathology is not cured in time, then the development of renal failure is inevitable. It is also worth noting that in infectious forms of the disease, the risk of severe hypertension is 12%.
Endocrine hypertension
This form of secondary hypertension develops against the background of problems with the endocrine glands. Often, pathology is diagnosed in people with thyrotoxicosis. This is a disease of the thyroid gland, which is expressed in the form of increased secretion of the hormone thyroxine. With this disorder, there is an increase in systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure is normal.
Diseases of the endocrine system in which hypertension develops:
- Pheochromocytoma: the main symptomAdrenal tumors are an increase in blood pressure. With this disease, the pressure is either consistently high or paroxysmal.
- Conn's syndrome: due to increased secretion of the hormone aldosterone, sodium begins to be retained in the body, and a secondary form of hypertension develops.
- Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome. Most patients with this pathology suffer from high blood pressure. It is recognized by specific changes in the body: the trunk becomes denser, and the face is puffy. At the same time, the limbs remain normal.
- Climax. During the extinction of female sexual functions, jumps in blood pressure often occur.
Endocrine form of hypertension responds well to treatment if started in time.
Neurogenic hypertension
This form of symptomatic hypertension occurs against the background of diseases of the central nervous system. High blood pressure is not the only symptom that indicates neurogenic hyperplasia. There are a few more signs:
- sweating;
- convulsions;
- skin rashes;
- dizziness;
- tachycardia;
- headaches.
Treatment of neurogenic hypertension is based on the elimination of brain pathologies.
Hemodynamic hypertension
Diseases of the cardiovascular system lead to a secondary hemodynamic form of hypertension. These include:
- atherosclerosis;
- mitral valve disease;
- heart failure;
- narrowing of the aorta;
- systolic hypertension.
As a rule, none of these pathologies is the only cause of increased pressure. Most often, the disease develops against the background of two pathological processes. For example, renal artery stenosis and chronic pyelonephritis.
Drug hypertension
Incorrect medication can also cause high blood pressure. Certain groups of drugs have this pathology in the list of side effects and complications. With this form of hypertension, pressure surges can be paroxysmal or protracted.
Such reactions occur as a result of the use of the following drugs:
- anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal drugs;
- oral contraceptives;
- "Cyclosporin".
With prolonged use of such medications, the patient's condition may worsen. It also threatens the development of extensive pathologies of the brain.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic studies of secondary arterial hypertension consist of several standard procedures. Pathology is recognized by systolic and systolic diastolic murmurs that can be heard in the epigastric region. This symptom most often indicates the presence of renal artery stenosis.
In order to measure the pressure, the patient must be in a standing position, and then lying down. Indicators are measured in two states: first at rest, and then at the end of physical activity. Due to the difference between blood pressure indicators, the specialist determines a number of secondary signs that occur with this type of hypertension.
The following procedures are also carried out: ultrasound, scintigraphy, dopplerography and the condition of the arteries is studied. If renal hypertension is suspected, additional tests and studies may be prescribed. Be sure to donate blood, urine and tank analysis, indicating infections of the bacterial type. In some forms of secondary hypertension, CT and MRI may be prescribed. If a tumor develops in the body, a biopsy is mandatory.
A referral to an ophthalmologist is issued for any type of symptomatic hypertension. This is due to the fact that pathology can lead to damage to the retina.
Treatment
Treatment of hypertension is not always standard. The specialist cannot prescribe drugs that will help reduce blood pressure, as they will not give the desired effect. In order to get rid of symptomatic hypertension, it is necessary to act on the root cause that affects the increase in blood pressure.
As a rule, there are two types of therapy: with a simple course of the disease, medication is prescribed, and with a severe course, you have to deal with the disease in more radical ways, including with the help of surgery.
Medicated treatment
Medication is the most commonly prescribed treatment for symptomatic hypertension. In some cases, it is combined with surgery. Therapy withdrugs helps to reduce the number of attacks of hypertension, normalize blood pressure and prolong remission. For this, drugs such as:
- Moxonidine and similar antihypertensives.
- "Verapamil", "Kordafen" - calcium channel antagonists.
- "Enalapril", "Fosinopril" - ACE inhibitors.
- "Timolol", "Pindolol" - beta-blockers.
Drugs give a positive effect when combined with each other, only a doctor can prescribe a complex for admission, after all examinations.
Surgery
This type of treatment is used if, during a diagnostic study, malignant or benign formations were identified that are the cause of high pressure. For each patient, based on the history of the disease, their individual treatment is applied. It all depends on the age of the patient, the nature of the pathology and its severity.
Prevention and prognosis
Prevention of secondary arterial hypertension is aimed at preventing the disease that caused the pathology, or at preventing the development of hypertension against the background of an existing disease. The main measures are aimed at maintaining a he althy lifestyle:
- proper nutrition;
- weight control;
- quitting alcohol and smoking;
- if there is a predisposition to diseases leading to secondary hypertension, it is necessary to regularlyundergo examinations with specialized doctors.
Another preventive measure is the constant monitoring of blood pressure in case of an existing disease, and its timely correction.
Persistent high blood pressure is a serious disease if not de alt with. Secondary arterial hypertension, as a rule, passes along with the pathology that caused it. That is why it is important to find the root cause of high blood pressure. This may take time. But the effectiveness of further therapy depends on the correct diagnosis.
