What is hypertension? ICD-10 recognizes it under the code I10-I15. A hypertensive crisis is dangerous because it causes significant complications - vital organs are affected: the liver, kidneys, heart and brain. In addition, a hypertensive crisis can cause visual impairment. For this reason, when signs of a crisis occur, it is important to provide timely and high-quality assistance. It consists in eliminating the symptoms and avoiding complications. Substances that allow a rapid return to typical blood pressure should be chosen by a competent specialist. An overdose of pharmaceuticals or too strong an effect can be a factor in additional blood supply problems. In this case, tissues and organs will be deprived of the required amount of oxygen.
The doctor chooses a medication, taking into account the age of the patient and the characteristics of his body. When providing assistance, it is important to clearly consider the rate of decrease in blood pressure and an acceptable level, which must be achieved.eventually. More details about what is hypertension, stages, risks and degrees, further.
Primary cause of hypertension and risk conditions
Frequent, prolonged neuropsychic stress, prolonged stressful conditions are considered to be a factor in hypertension. Often the message of the appearance of hypertension is work, during which a person constantly feels emotional pressure. In addition, there is a significant possibility of developing hypertension in people who have had head injuries. Hereditary tendency can also be one of the factors in the appearance of hypertension: if someone in the family suffered from a similar disease, then the possibility of developing hypertension increases a couple of times.
One of the main factors of hypertension can be physical inactivity. With age, if old people begin to feel sclerosis and age-related vascular changes occur, the formation of hypertension can worsen the problem, forcing sclerosis to develop. This is a rather unsafe manifestation, since with severe vasospasm, blood access to the brain, heart and kidneys becomes critically small. If there are plaques in the walls of the blood arteries, with intense vasospasm, blood can completely stop getting to vital organs and spread through the arteries. In this case, there is a rupture of the heart or a hemorrhage in the brain.
In the fairer sex, the factor of hypertension may be the time of hormonal changes in the body during menopause. Table s alt, or more specifically,the sodium it contains, as well as smoking, drinking, and being overweight, also contribute to increased stress on the heart system.
The following conditions can be attributed to the factors of hypertension:
- overweight due to metabolic pathology, endocrine diseases, sedentary lifestyle, etc;
- regular emotional stress, the patient's stay in nervous situations, apathy, experienced tragedies, etc.;
- strong nervous tension provoked by difficulties at work, in business;
- past concussions;
- chronic diseases that have a negative effect on the cardiovascular system;
- hereditary tendency;
- viral and infectious diseases, the results of which can be expressed in the form of hypertension;
- age-related modifications of blood vessels;
- increased presence of cholesterol in the blood, in which plaques appear on the walls of blood vessels, preventing normal blood circulation;
- the climacteric state in which girls who have overcome the 40-year mark are found (during a period of significant hormonal changes in the body, latent diseases often begin to develop, against the background of which arterial hypertension can form);
- bad habits (smoking, alcohol consumption in large quantities, excessive coffee addiction);
- daily use of s alt in large quantities;
- excessive increase in adrenaline in the blood;
- longspending time at PC;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- occasional outdoor walks, etc.
Stages of hypertension
Modern medicine determines 3 stages of arterial hypertension:
- Hypertension 1 degree of risk - blood pressure 140-159/90-99 millimeters of mercury. Art. Periodically returns back to typical numbers, after which it rises again.
- Hypertension 2 degree of risk - ranges from 160-179 / 100-109 millimeters of mercury. Art. Often understood and very rarely will return to normal.
- Hypertension 3rd degree of risk - rises to 180 and above / 110 millimeters of mercury. Art. It stays high almost regularly, and its reduction can be an indicator of a malfunction in the heart.
The fourth stage is fatal.
1 disease degree
In the first degree, the patient may not feel significant changes in his own body. Quite often, the pressure that, due to specific factors, rises up to the characteristics of 130/80 or 150/90, will itself return to the usual boundaries (120/80).
It is possible to detect hypertension at the first stage only if the patient begins to independently control pressure. The generated schedule will enable the specialist to draw specific conclusions and establish a clear history.
2 stage disease
Hypertension 2 degree 2 risk oftenaccompanied by headaches, vomiting, fatigue, total depression, etc.
In patients, the pressure rises and keeps for a long period in the range from 155/110 up to 170/120. By itself, hypertension 2 risk rarely returns to normal, for this reason, patients need drug treatment.
3 degree hypertension
Hypertension stage 3 is considered the most unsafe, since with it, in many patients, the pressure can reach the characteristics of 180/110 and more.
With hypertension, many patients (especially at stages 2 and 3) may experience hypertensive crises, during which the pressure increases rapidly.
A sudden decrease in blood pressure in hypertension 3 risk 4 experts can be regarded as a criterion for violation of the heart and become a pretext for consultation with a cardiologist. Patients begin to show symptoms of hypertension, which makes people seek medical help.
This group of patients has a need for long-term treatment (often in a hospital), which takes into account the use of specialized medical substances and the passage of physiotherapy.
With similar seizures of grade 3 hypertension, patients may have the following signs:
- nausea and vomiting;
- pain in the heart;
- severe headache;
- dizziness;
- profuse sweating, etc.
Hypertensive crisis is capable ofend after a couple of minutes, and can last up to a couple of hours. These patients need urgent medical attention.
Hypertension 3 and 4 degrees is the most dangerous.
Hypertension grade 4
Some specialists also distinguish hypertension of the 4th degree, which is very difficult. In most situations, death is close. They try to simplify the suffering of the patient as much as possible, and in case of a hypertensive crisis they provide first aid. The patient is placed with his head elevated. He is immediately given medication to quickly lower his blood pressure.
With no treatment, new complications arise. Some of them provoke others, and diseases more and more overcome a person. In order to stop this harmful process in a timely manner, you just need to observe the dynamics of changes in your own blood pressure, at least with the help of an ordinary tonometer.
Diagnosis of hypertension
In order to establish the correct diagnosis for a patient who has symptoms of arterial hypertension, the doctor must conduct a set of tests and diagnostics, containing both laboratory and hardware research. The purpose of diagnosis is to establish the stage and degree of hypertension. As a result of this information, the attending physician will be able to choose a more effective therapy.
Due to the fact that hypertension at the first stage of its formation is often asymptomatic, mostpatients go to the hospital too late. In such cases, patients need to stock up on perseverance, since hypertension is very difficult to cure and can accompany a person throughout life. In order not to waste time, which is so important, and to receive instant medical assistance, you should carefully monitor your own well-being and instantly respond to all kinds of restless signals from the body.
In domestic circumstances, each person is obliged to constantly determine the level of pressure with the help of a tonometer. The recommended characteristics are 110/70, for older people a value of 120/80 is possible. An increase in systolic pressure by 4-9 points can be due to changes in weather conditions, very large physiological and mental stress. A very large difference between upper and lower pressure is also considered a factor for concern, normally this ratio should not exceed 50 units. If a person often detects jumps in blood pressure, they should immediately urgently resort to the nearest medical facility for advice from the right specialist.
Pressure treatment with medicines
After you have figured out what hypertension is, you should also learn about its treatment. Drug therapy for hypertension is needed if the pressure reaches values \u200b\u200bmore than 160 to 90 millimeters. rt. Art., if hypertension is formed against the background of systemic diseases, diabetes mellitus,heart and kidney failure. The use of drugs is necessary already at such values as 130 to 75.
With increased pressure in the heart and mild forms of hypertension, therapy is carried out with one substance, which is taken every 10 or 20 hours.
Combined treatment of the disease is carried out using a pair of substances. In a similar way, they achieve their greatest effectiveness at small doses and reduce the likelihood of secondary results.
Thiazide diuretics and sulfonamides
Pharmaceutical substances that improve urine output and formation include sulfonamides and thiazide diuretics. The medical result is achieved by reducing swelling, as a result of which the lumen of the vessels increases and bleeding improves, and the pressure decreases.
Beta-blockers
Substances of this category are used both for the purpose of self-healing, and in combination with other honey. drugs. They are prescribed for acute forms in patients with a significant risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in pre-infarction conditions, angina pectoris, heart failure, with stable atrial fibrillation.
Beta-blocker monotherapy lasts from two to four weeks, after which they are combined with calcium channel blockers and diuretics.
"Metoprolol", "Carvedilol", "Bisoprolol", "Betaxalol" and "Nebivalol" are used in the long-term therapy of hypertension, which reduces the possibility of mortality duringthe time of one of her seizures. "Betaxalol", in addition, is often prescribed for arterial hypertension in the fairer sex during menopause.
Angiotensin converting enzyme
Reduction of the vascular lumen under the influence of angiotensin plays a significant role in the mechanism of the formation of hypertension. Substances of this category block the conversion of renin to angiotensin, due to which the pressure normalizes. Such drugs help prevent thickening of the heart muscle and can help restore normal heart function in case of hypertrophy of its tissues.
- "Clonidine" is no longer prescribed to cure hypertension, but is used by elderly patients who are quite addictive to the drug and those who do not want to change the course of treatment to more innovative and effective medications.
- "Andipal" - tablets with a mild effect, with their help it is impossible to remove a severe attack of hypertension and this medication is not used to cure arterial hypertension. It can be offered for vascular dystonia.
- Moxonidine is an imidazole receptor agonist medication that has shown excellent efficacy in metabolic syndrome and mild hypertension.
Sartans
Innovative substances that have been used since the 90s make it possible to reduce pressure for a day at a time withmorning or in the evening. "Candesartan" - the most powerful of the substances in this category, stabilizes the pressure for two days. After stopping the intake, withdrawal syndrome does not appear, among the secondary results is a dry cough. The course of treatment is from 4-6 weeks, during this time a stable result is achieved. Sartans remove spasms of the walls of the renal vessels, which makes it possible to exclude renal hypertension. They are used independently and in the complex treatment of resistant hypertension.
Calcium channel blockers
These substances are prescribed to elderly patients to cure hypertension, in which pathologies of cardiac activity are traced. The drugs are taken in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, which makes it possible to remove diuretics from the course.
What to eat in a crisis?
With unstable hypertension, sudden pressure surges occur from time to time. In medicine, they are called hypertensive crises.
At such a period, a person is able to stay not for a very long time, but his condition is very aggravated due to such manifestations of the disease as:
- Pain in the head.
- Pressure jumps up to 150 to 95 mm. rt. st.
- Disturbed orientation in space, accompanied by nausea and deterioration of vision to its transient loss.
- Pathological feeling of fear.
- Sudden reddening of the face during the crisis.
The crisis will require a drug cure. Therapeutic intervention in this casea combination of a couple of pharmaceutical substances and providing immediate assistance to the victim.
Antihypertensive drugs can be taken only for the purpose of gradually reducing crises, not accompanied by any burdens.
Here are certain substances that can end a crisis:
- "Nifedipine" dissolves under the tongue, the result is observed in about a few hours.
- Beta-blockers - certain substances like atenolol and esmolol are used when there is a need for synthetic regulation of the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
- "Captopril" is taken from 10 to 50 mg orally, the effect of the drug lasts approximately 5 hours.
- Diuretics. The drug in the treatment of hypertensive crises should be administered intravenously, in a portion of 1 mg / kg of body weight. The drug has different effectiveness depending on the personal interaction of the body, for this reason the doctor is able to increase the dose to 12 mg / kg of body weight.
Vasodilators, such as sodium nitroprusside, can block nitric oxide in the vessel wall, resulting in relaxation of the arteries.
Physical exercise
Any physiological load in patients with mild and moderate hypertension contributes to an increase in the physiological working capacity of the body. Exercise aimed at endurance training leads to a significant antihypertensive effect. It is recommended to give physiological exercises for half an hour a day, eventually increasing the load fromlow to medium.
Low s alt diet
Edible s alt should be reduced to 5g (1 teaspoon). It must be borne in mind that many foods themselves include a lot of s alt. Thus, remove the s alt shaker from the table and in no case s alt the finished dishes. Instead, you can use aromatic herbs, garlic. If it is difficult to do without s alt, it is possible to buy s alt with a reduced sodium content, the taste of which is practically no different from ordinary s alt.
Using less fat
Gradually remove butter, cheeses, sausages, sour cream, lard and meatballs from your own menu. Replace them with vegetables, fruits, vegetable oil and not very oily fish. Consume low fat dairy products. As a result, you will be able to control the level of cholesterol in the blood (prevention of atherosclerosis), restore weight and at the same time increase your own diet with potassium, which is very useful for arterial hypertension.
Psychological relief
Stress is one of the key factors in increasing blood pressure. For this reason, it is very important to master the methods of emotional unloading. It is important to try to see the positive aspects in everything, find pleasure in life, work on your character, changing it towards greater tolerance for other people's shortcomings, cheerfulness, and balance. Hiking, exercising, hobbies, and interacting with pets can also help maintain inner balance.
It is very important to know what hypertension is. After all, it is easier to treat it at the initial stage than at later ones. After all, then it is treatable.
